Israeli forces and Hamas are fighting house-to-house battles along the length of the Gaza Strip, with devastating consequences for the civilian population amid a complete collapse in humanitarian relief.
As the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) have been fighting their way through badly bomb-damaged urban areas in northern and southern Gaza, Hamas has increasingly relied on improvised bombs to inflict casualties and slow down the assault.
Gaza’s hospitals have reported a flood of civilian dead and injured, many of them women and children, as medical supplies dwindle, while the spread of ground combat to the south has stopped any delivery of humanitarian aid much further than the Rafah crossing point with Egypt.
The Hamas-run Gaza health ministry said 1,207 Palestinians had been killed since the collapse of a temporary ceasefire at the beginning of the month, and that 70% of the dead were women and children.
The focal points of the fighting over the past two days have been the Jabalia refugee camp and the Shuja’iyya district in northern Gaza and Khan Younis and Bani Suheila in the south. The IDF has taken control of most of the Salah al-Din road, the main north-south highway running down the middle of the coastal strip.
On Wednesday morning the IDF called on residents of Khan Younis to flee the city for safer areas, noting that there would be a pause until 2pm in the bombardment of Rafah, immediately to the south on the Egyptian border.
But the UN and aid agencies say nowhere in Gaza is safe any more. According to the UN, 1.87 million people, more than 80% of Gaza’s population, have already fled their homes. Many have had to flee shelter several times in the path of the Israeli advance.
The UN Human Rights Office said on Tuesday that “the pattern of attacks that target or impact on civilian infrastructure raises serious concerns about Israel’s compliance with international humanitarian law and significantly raises the risk of atrocity crimes”.
The Norwegian Refugee Council said the Gaza war “now ranks amongst the worst assaults on any civilian population in our time and age”.
Israel’s prime minister, Benjamin Netanyahu, claimed that the IDF was winning the war and that more than half of Hamas’s battalion commanders had been killed so far.
“The ground shook in Khan Younis and Jabalia. We have encircled them both. There is no place we cannot reach,” Netanyahu said on Tuesday. He said the IDF was winning every battle but at “an unbearable price”.
The IDF reported seven casualties on Tuesday and two more on Wednesday morning. Since ground operations began, 84 IDF soldiers have been reported killed in the ground operation, many of them as a result of bombs and anti-tank missiles fired at very close range.
“Palestinian militia fighters continued to use more sophisticated tactics to target Israeli forces throughout the Gaza Strip,” the Washington-based Institute for the Study of War reported, citing an incident on Tuesday in which Hamas’s military wing used explosives to bring down a house on top of Israeli soldiers in Khan Younis and detonated an armour-piercing shaped charge against an Israeli tank.
Hamas was also able to launch 15 rockets from Gaza hideouts on central and southern Israel on Tuesday.
The IDF says Khan Younis has become the main Hamas stronghold after the ground assault on the north began on 27 October, with four of the extremist movement’s 24 battalions based there. Israeli commanders believe that the Hamas hierarchy, including its leader, Yahya Sinwar, could be hiding in the extensive tunnel network below the city. Sinwar was born in the Khan Younis refugee camp and Al Arabiya television reported on Wednesday that Israeli forces had surrounded the Sinwar family home.
The Biden administration has continued to urge Israel to do more to limit civilian casualties. Martin Griffiths, the UN’s top aid official, said the IDF campaign in the south was just as devastating for the Palestinian population as its operations in the north, with US diplomacy making no difference to the outcome.
Officials from the US vice-president Kamala Harris’s office are in Israel for talks on what should happen to Gaza after the war, which was started by a Hamas rampage through Israeli villages that killed 1,200 people, more than two-thirds of them civilians, on 7 October. Increasing evidence is emerging of extreme sexual crimes committed by the Hamas attackers against female victims.
Washington has insisted there should be no long-term Israeli military presence in Gaza, but Netanyahu has claimed there is no option for his country’s security other than direct military control.
“Gaza must be demilitarised. And in order for Gaza to be demilitarised, there is only one force that can see to this demilitarisation – and that force is the IDF,” the prime minister said in a written statement on Tuesday. “No international force can be responsible for this. We have seen what has happened in other places where they brought in international forces for the goal of demilitarisation. I am not prepared to close my eyes and accept any other arrangement.”
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